Probiotik EM Effective microorganism: Konsep EM dan bagaimana EM bekerja untuk anda.

Wednesday, May 28, 2008

Konsep EM dan bagaimana EM bekerja untuk anda.

Konsep EM iaitu kumpulan kultur bakteria yang berfaedah, digunakan untuk tujuan mengawal mikroflora persekitaran bagi mengoptimumkan hasil,menghalang penyakit dengan merencatkan pertumbuhan bakteria patogen/tak berfaedah, meningkatkan kecekapan pengambilan bahan organik dan seterusnya meningkatkan biodiversiti mikrobiologi persekitaran.
Bakteria aerobik(oksigen),heterotropik(oksigen/tanpa oksigen) dan anaerobik(tanpa oksigen) cenderung bertindakbalas dgn persekitaran dan menghasilkan bahan2 yang tertentu melalui proses PENGURAIAN dan SINTESIS.Bakteria Penguraian terbahagi kpd 2 iaitu Penapaian(fermentation/oxidative) atau Pembusukan (putrefaction). Penapaian yang baik oleh bakteria aerobik/heterotropik/anaerobik akan menghasilkanmolekul ringkas seterusnya menghasilkan haba,tenaga,asid amino,air,oksigen,karbondioksida yang semuanya berpengaruh baik. Berbanding kepada proses pembusukan(putrefaction) oleh bakteria heterotropik/anaerobik yang menghasilkan sisa toksik kepada persekitaran seperti gas ammonia ataupun Hidrogen Sulfida yang busuk. Bakteria Sintesis mengikat Nitrogen/oksigen dari udara dan menukarkannya kepada asid amino, oksigen, protein dan karbohidrat. Bakteria sintesis berkebolehan mengikat karbondioksida menjadi molekul organik. Bakteria sintesis juga berkebolehan memecahkan ammonia dan menukarnya kepada gas tak berbahaya.
EM terdiri dari aerobik, heterotropik dan anaerobik bakteria yang berpengaruh baik.Apabila di dalam media, EM akan mengeluarkan hasil2 tindakbalas dan akan menghalang pembentukan tindakbalas kimia daripada bakteria tak berfaedah.Kebanyakan bakteria yang mendatangkan masalah adalah jenis heterotropik dan anaerobik. Setelah mikroflora bertukar, banyak molekul organik, tenaga, karbohidrat, oksigen, karbondioksida dsb terbentuk seterusnya meningkatkan kecekapan pengambilan nutrien dan memelihara persekitaran. Mikrobiologi persekitaran akan meningkat dan secara tak langsung membantu ke arah persekitaran yang sihat.

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EM TECHNOLOGY ARROUND THE WORLD

Effective Microorganisms is also called "EM technology" by the proponents of this concept. "EM technology" is a scientifically unconfirmed method to improve soil quality and plant growth using a mixture of microorganisms consisting mainly of lactic acid bacteria, purple bacteria, and yeasts which co-exist for the benefit of whichever environment they are introduced.

EM technology is used to maintain sustainable practices such as farming and sustainable living, and to support human health and hygiene, animal husbandry, compost and waste management, disaster clean-up, and generally used to promote functions in natural communities. EM is employed in the following areas:

Deodorizer for barns, waste treatment areas, homes, agricultural and industrial use.
Household: pets, odor control, treating pet wastes on floors, for shower stalls, kitchen sinks, dishpans, garbage pails, toilets, drains, sinks, sink drains, and compost buckets.
Human and animal use: ingestion of a wide range of antioxidative and regenerative products made from EM, intended as a healthful probiotic and antioxidant supplement.
Waste treatment
Wastewater treatment
Septic waste treatment
Remediation of polluted or unbalanced waterways
Toxic waste remediation
Preparation of waste biomass material for bio-conversion into fuels such as biodiesel and others.

EM improves microflora in intestines of animals. It improves the quality of meat. Excreta from animals treated with EM will have less odor and become a high quality organic fertilizer. The urine also becomes a high quality liquid fertilizer. The overflow, which comprises the clear parts of the effluent, will start cleaning the waters when led to the river, as well as make it healthier for water creatures to grow better. Application of EM through fermented feed (silaged), adding to drinking water, and spraying inside the animal barn will reduce bad odor as well as pests such as flies, maggots and ticks. Thus, the environment of the barns and animal hygiene are improved. Animal health improves, the stress of animals is decreased. Improvements are seen in egg-laying rate and dairy production. EM is useful for fish and prawn culture, because it improves water quality. Specially noted is the high quality of eggs and milk.

The results of two experiments conducted in Pakistan in which EM was given to broiler chicks in drinking water with different dilutions showed that EM increased the weight of the chicks i.e. 25% (Trial A) and 16.2% (Trail B) over control. Experiments with EM have shown positive results for gardens, bamboo. forestry, fish, and diary animals as well. EM can convert all kinds of crop residues, farmyard manure, poultry manure, and sugarcane filter cake or press mud and solid municipal waste into high quality biofertilizer within 10 days.

EM technology has been widely adopted. Brazil , USA, Canada, China France, Russia, Germany, Holland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Argentina, Malaysia, Kenya, Syria, Egypt, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Colombia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Korea, Philippines, Denmark, Poland, South Africa, Sudan, Lebanon, Indonesia, Thailand, New Zealand, Peru are producing and using EM in various fields.

Environment and Tourism: The island of Bali in Indonesia is a place of natural beauty with 1 million foreign and 3 million local tourists visiting each year. To provide for their food demands, conserve the environment and tackle garbage, the islanders have taken to EM. Farmers use EM in grape, citrus, vegetable, rice, vanilla and coffee plantations. It is used in raising poultry, and cattle. Hotels use it in waste water management. Agro-tourist activities are being considered, to spread the awareness of tourism and establish Bali as the model island of EM technology.

Automotive Health: EM and EM ceramics not only improve the efficiency of combustion engines including automobiles, boats, and farm machines, resulting in better fuel mileage and cleaner emission, but also protect them from aging, such as rusting, resulting in a longer life. This helps us to reduce the consumption of energy, the pollution from exhaust gases, and reduce the waste of raw materials.

EM in Specific Crops

Banana: Effective microorganisms are microbial inoculants used in the production of bokashi, a Japanese term for compost, which when applied in banana plantations could significantly improve the growth and performance of bananas. EM technology could considerably control disease-causing nematodes and eliminate malodors in packing and postharvest facilities. EM has been proven effective in controlling the dreaded black sigatoka disease in bananas.

Sugarcane: An agriculture farm in Pakistan has achieved higher yield of sugarcane by using EM technology, sugarcane recovery percentage of EM-treated sugarcane variety (PR-1000) was 11.5% whereas, the recovery percentage of untreated sugarcane was 8.1%. The yield of sugarcane of em-treated sugarcane were 1900 maunds/acre from 47 acres whereas, the yield of sugarcane of untreated were 1500 maunds/acre from 50 acres.

Oranges: A field experiment was conducted in Brazil in 1993 to evaluate EM interactions with soil (chemical and physical properties), citrus plants (nutrient content in leaves and yield) and with mite populations. Results indicate EM treated-plot to be significantly higher in soil organic matter content, in levels of major nutrients (Ca, Mg, K) and in C.E.C.. Soil resistance to impact penetrometer tended to be less pronounced in these plots than in the control. Mite populations were higher in plots with EM sprayed to the foliage. Yield of oranges was raised by 17% in plots where EM solutions was sprayed both to the soil and to the foliage. EM treatment if citrus fruit plants in Pakistan showed increased total soluble sugars, juice contents and average weight of the fruit.

Rice: Research was conducted in Malaysia on the management of several organic sources including EM, to enhance productivity and as mitigation strategy for methane emission. The various organic sources complemented with EM not only increased yield by about 10% but also decreased methane emission except with rice straw. In an experiment in Pakistan, EM caused 18% increase in paddy. In Japan the average yield of rice has been increased from 540 kg to 840-9000 kg / 1000 m2.

Vegetables: The cucumber plant grown with EM produces 4 – 5 cucumber per node instead of one. A series of weed and fertility management trials associated with the commercial production of process peas, onions, beans and sweet corn were established on organic farms in Canterbury during 1994-1995. The results demonstrate a consistent positive response with the use of EM in crop production and indicates the potential of this technology to reduce fertiliser use and increase the yield and quality of crops.

Pepper: The control of pepper fruit antracnose under greenhouse conditions was evaluated in plants sprayed with Effective Microorganisms (EM) and without EM, but sprayed with Mancozeb and Benomyl. The fungus Colletotrichum gloesporioides was inoculated during the flowering period and evaluation was done in the number of fungus colony recovered from senecescent flowers and number of young and commercial diseased fruits. After harvest, the shelf life of fruits with and wihout EM was measured. The results indicated that EM reduced the number of fungus colony recovered from senescent flowers and the number of young commercial diseased fruits. The shelf life of harvested fruits was longer with EM treatment.

EM in Specific Farms

An international township in South India took up EM in its agricultural systems. The following are the findings observed in 2 years:

Compost:

Compost can be prepared in as fast as 3 weeks, compared to a minimum of 3 months using conventional methods.
The compost is of very good quality. It has a good texture and a pleasant odour.
All waste organic materials in the farm can be used.
Because compost is easy to make with EM there is no more need to buy garbage, always infested with pathogens, from the city municipality.

Field crops:

In peanut crops, the biomass increased by 34%
In peanut crops, the density (plant number/square metre) increased by 25%.
In peanut crops, the yield increased by 43%.
In soybeans crops, the biomass increased by 40%.
In soybeans crops, the density increased by 69%.
In groundnut, black gram and green gram crops, the biomass increased 72%.
In groundnut, black gram and green gram crops the density increased 18%.
Rice yields increases in the first year of application.
Maize and sugar cane grew taller by 33%.

Fruits:

For papayas the income increased by 150%.
Cashew yields increased by 47.5%.
Mango yields increased by 15%
Guava yields doubled.
Fruit orchards were much healthier.

Others:

Generally, all flower gardens, trees, vegetables, grew faster and were healthier.
Bigger sizes were recorded in sweet potatoes and tapioca.
In seedlings, increment in growth doubled, producing very healthy plants.
Farm production increased.
Products of higher quality are generally associated with more labour, but with EM Technology the labor involved is low when it has been standardized.
Farmers increased their incomes, by running their farms with lower expenses.
There was less consumption of water in irrigation systems.
The farm workers attitudes towards EM have been very positive, as they have realised it can be 100% organic.

Pest Management:

Black sigatoka in bananas is controlled.
Eriophyd mite in coconuts is controlled.
Rhinoceros beetle in coconuts is controlled.
Tea mosquito bugs, nut borers, leaf miners, webber, leaf folders and flower thrips in cashews are controlled.
Caterpillars and bugs in vegetables are controlled.
With cow urine included the fungus attack in guavas is eliminated.
With a preparation of fish meal and EM, fungus in mangoes is controlled
In tomatoes and brinjal, bacteria wilt is controlled.
In orchids, virus-bacteria and fungus are controlled.
The most dramatic results were in citrus species affected by Gummosis (Diplodia natalensis);used together with copper sulfate, all of them recovered from very bad damage.
Fruit trees affected by Phytophthora nicotianae and Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), (two of the most virulent pathogens) are controlled.
During monsoon, fungus attack on human feet is eradicated.